Peer-to-peer (P2P) protocols are a type of communication architecture where each and every participations of the member are nodes of the network, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts. One of the cetral tenets of designing a cryptocurrency protocol is that the network has to be peer-to-peer, making the network anti-fragile and without a central point of failure. Other P2P network includes Webtorrents, TOR, Mesh Networks and others.
A discipline or field of study which practices using cryptography to convert human-readable information that can only be deciphered by individuals who have the knowledge to.
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