Top Smart Contract Platform Coins by Market Cap
Smart contract platforms are usually blockchains that host smart contracts or decentralized applications. Users can interact with different smart contracts on these platforms to perform various actions such as lending and borrowing funds, staking their assets or minting NFTs. Smart contracts are programs that are stored on the blockchain and are automatically executed when certain conditions are met.
| # | Coin | Price | 1h | 24h | 7d | 30d | 24h Volume | Market Cap | FDV | Market Cap / FDV | Last 7 Days | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2425 |
Nerva
XNV
|
$0.09358 | 0.3% | 4.0% | 8.0% | 18.9% | $673.04 | $1,804,472 | $1,804,504 | 0.999982622890333 |
|
||
| 2436 |
LumiWave Protocol
LWP
|
$0.002204 | 0.2% | 2.2% | 4.4% | 17.2% | $8,940.36 | $1,784,009 | $1,784,009 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2437 |
TOMI
TOMI
|
$0.0182829 | 0.0% | 12.5% | 21.1% | 128.4% | $55.42 | $1,783,340 | $1,783,340 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2450 |
Humans.ai
HEART
|
$0.0002238 | 0.0% | 12.3% | 15.0% | 34.5% | $51,249.00 | $1,745,818 | $1,745,818 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2463 |
Cypherium
CPH
|
$0.003195 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 4.1% | 31.0% | $58,116.01 | $1,728,078 | $21,823,172 | 0.07918544112478032 |
|
||
| 2464 |
QuantumCoin
Q
|
$0.078972 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.1% | $20,550.25 | $1,727,091 | $1,727,181 | 0.9999479161774868 |
|
||
| 2473 |
Pocketcoin
PKOIN
|
$0.1388 | 3.0% | 4.4% | 1.3% | 8.5% | $18,405.37 | $1,706,081 | $1,706,081 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2502 |
Cellframe
CELL
|
$0.04452 | 0.1% | 6.9% | 23.4% | 20.4% | $21,213.58 | $1,654,858 | $1,680,013 | 0.98502716311117 |
|
||
| 2515 |
Handshake
HNS
|
$0.002399 | 0.0% | 11.6% | 21.4% | 73.8% | $497.19 | $1,627,247 | $1,627,307 | 0.9999627570351624 |
|
||
| 2521 |
Aeternity
AE
|
$0.003701 | 0.0% | 1.5% | 17.5% | 42.6% | $103.43 | $1,621,520 | $1,984,698 | 0.8170113320716995 |
|
||
| 2527 |
Oasys
OAS
|
$0.0002321 | 0.2% | 3.3% | 7.7% | 30.5% | $8,600.02 | $1,607,747 | $2,321,091 | 0.6926685497 |
|
||
| 2537 |
KardiaChain
KAI
|
$0.0003327 | 1.8% | 5.7% | 29.1% | 69.9% | $4,845.52 | $1,588,648 | $1,663,506 | 0.955 |
|
||
Binance-Peg EOS
EOS
|
$0.09204 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 13.1% | 40.9% | $475.81 | $1,580,080 | $1,580,080 | 1.0 |
|
|||
| 2553 |
Electra Protocol
XEP
|
$0.00008501 | 0.5% | 12.6% | 25.2% | 35.4% | $54,765.04 | $1,563,645 | $2,502,069 | 0.624940934380363 |
|
||
| 2571 |
REI Network
REI
|
$0.001535 | 0.5% | 4.4% | 4.8% | 27.1% | $38,930.02 | $1,520,877 | $1,535,290 | 0.9906121389999999 |
|
||
| 2575 |
zkVerify
VFY
|
$0.004956 | 0.3% | 2.3% | 5.9% | 25.2% | $17,522.25 | $1,517,605 | $4,956,349 | 0.3061941449 |
|
||
| 2580 |
Aleph Zero
AZERO
|
$0.004957 | 0.3% | 10.1% | 22.7% | 29.2% | $67,774.63 | $1,497,629 | $2,576,020 | 0.5813730769230769 |
|
||
| 2585 |
Warp
WRP
|
$0.0002974 | 0.0% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 4.1% | $85.28 | $1,486,997 | $1,486,997 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2589 |
Mintlayer
ML
|
$0.003846 | 0.3% | 2.9% | 17.6% | 28.6% | $93,435.59 | $1,484,813 | $1,537,582 | 0.9656800420171562 |
|
||
| 2593 |
DeFiChain
DFI
|
$0.001606 | 0.1% | 235.3% | 1375.0% | 162.3% | $160.29 | $1,480,824 | $1,927,007 | 0.7684582495559409 |
|
||
| 2602 |
Signum
SIGNA
|
$0.0006683 | 0.0% | 7.9% | 1.0% | 9.5% | $3,122.58 | $1,470,148 | $1,470,148 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2601 |
Xterio
XTER
|
$0.006808 | 0.5% | 4.9% | 14.6% | 25.0% | $1,319,542 | $1,469,251 | $6,799,339 | 0.216087366503 |
|
||
| 2612 |
Dingocoin
DINGO
|
$0.00001236 | 0.5% | 0.0% | 9.6% | 46.7% | $41,871.36 | $1,456,151 | $1,456,151 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2625 |
Sentinel
P2P
|
$0.00004009 | 0.4% | 5.7% | 11.8% | 56.8% | $86,466.99 | $1,438,052 | $1,440,451 | 0.9983351938176318 |
|
||
| 2645 |
Mochimo
MCM
|
$0.05006 | 0.0% | 2.9% | 32.8% | 0.0% | $1,620.89 | $1,401,581 | $3,981,072 | 0.35206128100222744 |
|
||
Wrapped MinoTari
WXTM
|
$0.001046 | 0.4% | 3.0% | 19.8% | 29.4% | $6,632.80 | $1,398,165 | $1,398,165 | 1.0 |
|
|||
| 2647 |
Dill
DL
|
$0.001180 | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 3.4% | $172.62 | $1,397,753 | $7,077,229 | 0.19749999999999998 |
|
||
| 2640 |
PIVX
PIVX
|
$0.01299 | 0.0% | 49.3% | 70.4% | 75.1% | $117,340 | $1,396,681 | $1,396,681 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2663 |
Rubidium
RBD
|
$0.02946 | 0.0% | 0.3% | 2.8% | 5.9% | $2,524.30 | $1,370,771 | $29,463,538 | 0.046524327000000004 |
|
||
| 2674 |
Everscale
EVER
|
$0.0006804 | 3.3% | 8.5% | 24.1% | 53.6% | $5,046.47 | $1,350,902 | $1,440,702 | 0.9376695474766383 |
|
||
| 2676 |
W Coin
WCO
|
$0.0001348 | 0.1% | 1.6% | 3.4% | 12.8% | $22,298.23 | $1,347,787 | $1,347,787 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2682 |
Reef
REEF
|
$0.00003536 | 0.4% | 2.9% | 11.7% | 14.2% | $551,184 | $1,341,390 | $1,341,390 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2689 |
Bellscoin
BELLS
|
$0.02186 | 1.9% | 4.9% | 11.6% | 45.3% | $76,767.05 | $1,333,577 | $1,333,577 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2698 |
Xelis
XEL
|
$0.2091 | 1.1% | 2.2% | 20.7% | 52.6% | $11,310.17 | $1,319,412 | $1,319,412 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2719 |
QuStream
QST
|
$0.001301 | 0.5% | 5.2% | 24.3% | 25.2% | $3,062.72 | $1,301,155 | $1,301,155 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2724 |
ThunderCore
TT
|
$0.00008876 | 0.0% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 1.4% | $90,100.44 | $1,291,975 | $1,291,975 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2748 |
Trac Network
TNK
|
$0.08105 | 0.0% | 1.7% | 3.1% | 1.2% | $62,593.54 | $1,263,940 | $1,263,940 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2778 |
NERO Chain
NERO
|
$0.0001229 | 0.0% | 1.0% | 35.4% | 73.3% | $27,699.27 | $1,228,896 | $1,228,896 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2783 |
XEN Crypto
XEN
|
$0.082598 | 2.2% | 9.3% | 32.7% | 46.8% | $62,826.17 | $1,214,268 | $1,214,268 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2791 |
Openverse Network
BTG
|
$0.6379 | 0.5% | 8.6% | 9.9% | 25.6% | $328,952 | $1,212,066 | $12,758,585 | 0.095 |
|
||
| 2792 |
GINI
GINI
|
$0.001199 | 0.0% | 84.6% | 42.1% | 89.3% | $29.97 | $1,210,256 | $2,397,958 | 0.5047026666666666 |
|
||
| 2795 |
WINR Protocol
WINR
|
$0.001384 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 20.8% | 46.8% | $547.83 | $1,208,515 | $1,208,515 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2801 |
Helios Blockchain
HLS
|
$0.0005741 | 0.0% | 4.1% | 4.1% | 2.2% | $1.93 | $1,203,644 | $1,205,664 | 0.9983251771428571 |
|
||
| 2804 |
Neoxa
NEOX
|
$0.0001121 | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 23.5% | $78.22 | $1,200,631 | $1,229,864 | 0.9762310165888468 |
|
||
| 2806 |
GOAT Network
GOATED
|
$0.01149 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 3.3% | 28.5% | $702,977 | $1,198,637 | $11,486,919 | 0.104348 |
|
||
| 2814 |
Mythos
MYTH
|
$0.001383 | 0.0% | 8.6% | 2.6% | 15.7% | $268.61 | $1,192,881 | $1,383,015 | 0.8625221247272652 |
|
||
| 2826 |
Grm
GRM
|
$0.0004843 | 1.1% | 0.2% | 11.4% | 26.3% | $2,327.77 | $1,176,918 | $1,176,918 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2841 |
CHEQD Network
CHEQ
|
$0.001008 | 1.9% | 16.9% | 24.7% | 41.7% | $169,121 | $1,166,005 | $1,289,759 | 0.9040491219766487 |
|
||
| 2861 |
TriasLab
TRIAS
|
$0.1136 | 0.5% | 0.5% | 5.8% | 81.6% | $155.74 | $1,136,456 | $1,136,456 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2875 |
ENIMZ
ENIMZ
|
$0.02305 | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 244.6% | $103.82 | $1,122,121 | $1,122,121 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2894 |
BEAM
BEAM
|
Buy
|
$0.005393 | 1.2% | 24.4% | 24.2% | 47.9% | $57,783.16 | $1,086,729 | $1,417,025 | 0.7669082952815829 |
|
|
| 2903 |
Sovryn
SOV
|
$0.01589 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 23.8% | $153.07 | $1,079,814 | $1,589,305 | 0.67942535575255 |
|
||
| 2913 |
TOP AI Network
TOP
|
$0.00006967 | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.5% | $16,463.14 | $1,068,073 | $1,068,073 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2921 |
Bitcoin 2
BTC2
|
$0.05865 | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 3.7% | $10,206.78 | $1,060,152 | $1,060,152 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2927 |
Qubitcoin
QTC
|
$0.4546 | 0.0% | 3.4% | 0.0% | 21.7% | $3,427.34 | $1,049,311 | $1,049,311 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 2936 |
Otherworld
OWN
|
$0.02947 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.7% | $16.40 | $1,041,506 | $29,468,235 | 0.035343333 |
|
||
| 2958 |
Axiome
AXM
|
$0.001070 | 0.0% | 7.9% | 0.0% | 1.0% | $15,394.34 | $1,022,783 | $1,050,044 | 0.9740381796344861 |
|
||
| 2998 |
DragonX
DRGX
|
$0.1048 | 0.2% | 28.0% | 135.5% | 19.0% | $11,940.27 | $973,314 | $973,314 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3024 |
Riecoin
RIC
|
$0.01313 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 4.8% | $10,493.15 | $949,915 | $1,103,022 | 0.8611927247171999 |
|
||
| 3026 |
V.SYSTEMS
VSYS
|
$0.0002481 | 0.0% | 0.5% | 3.0% | 2.5% | $450,983 | $949,674 | $1,833,536 | 0.5179468830948176 |
|
||
| 3037 |
Tidecoin
TDC
|
$0.04937 | 0.0% | 9.8% | 26.3% | 18.7% | $156.70 | $937,991 | $938,013 | 0.9999766444727746 |
|
||
| 3040 |
Myria
MYRIA
|
$0.00001932 | 0.7% | 10.0% | 19.9% | 42.4% | $194.19 | $935,939 | $966,011 | 0.96886984874 |
|
||
| 3046 |
BOB
BOB
|
$0.04439 | 2.6% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 43.3% | $2,672.60 | $932,060 | $932,060 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3047 |
Neptune Cash
NPT
|
$0.1998 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 11.1% | 42.9% | $1,103.42 | $928,423 | $1,995,753 | 0.4651995859718218 |
|
||
| 3088 |
XDB CHAIN
XDB
|
$0.00005284 | 1.1% | 3.8% | 14.2% | 24.3% | $154,837 | $899,562 | $989,676 | 0.908945883150546 |
|
||
| 3092 |
Saito
SAITO
|
$0.0002984 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 4.2% | 18.1% | $3,338.40 | $895,185 | $895,185 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3104 |
XDAG
XDAG
|
$0.0006714 | 0.6% | 0.0% | 1.2% | 15.7% | $61,491.74 | $887,202 | $973,928 | 0.9109529741689945 |
|
||
| 3114 |
Phantasma Phoenix
SOUL
|
$0.006340 | 1.2% | 6.1% | 20.9% | 42.5% | $16,911.79 | $878,697 | $878,697 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3132 |
Panther Protocol
ZKP
|
$0.001836 | 0.3% | 8.1% | 24.7% | 28.1% | $123,206 | $858,812 | $858,812 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3138 |
XL1
XL1
|
$0.0001501 | 0.1% | 2.4% | 5.0% | 27.0% | $11,446.98 | $855,533 | $5,703,552 | 0.15 |
|
||
| 3148 |
Streamr
DATA
|
$0.0006319 | 0.8% | 0.1% | 19.9% | 95.7% | $1,978.41 | $849,935 | $849,935 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3150 |
XX Network
XX
|
$0.002366 | 0.0% | 3.9% | 6.4% | 57.4% | $399.18 | $846,398 | $2,249,226 | 0.3763061913597192 |
|
||
| 3166 |
Luckycoin
LKY
|
$0.04170 | 0.4% | 2.4% | 16.2% | 21.7% | $19,438.42 | $832,617 | $834,011 | 0.9983283513899199 |
|
||
| 3179 |
ReddCoin
RDD
|
$0.00002364 | 0.1% | 1.9% | 15.0% | 2.9% | $5,838.39 | $818,655 | $818,655 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3225 |
Soqucoin
SOQ
|
$0.0001747 | 3.3% | 4.0% | 10.2% | 0.0% | $173,939 | $783,999 | $801,802 | 0.9777969536483193 |
|
||
| 3226 |
Hydra
HYDRA
|
$0.02607 | 0.0% | 4.7% | 4.7% | 5.4% | $744.77 | $783,731 | $846,286 | 0.926083458197216 |
|
||
| 3244 |
Mode
MODE
|
$0.00009113 | 3.7% | 9.1% | 7.7% | 34.7% | $2,971.67 | $770,792 | $911,282 | 0.8458333334 |
|
||
| 3246 |
Neon
NEON
|
$0.001778 | 2.9% | 16.6% | 36.7% | 85.6% | $192,096 | $769,627 | $1,785,601 | 0.4310184457433854 |
|
||
| 3274 |
Dream Machine Token
DMT
|
$0.8112 | 3.5% | 21.6% | 32.0% | 43.0% | $1,020.42 | $746,007 | $807,507 | 0.923839307151787 |
|
||
| 3285 |
Neptune Privacy
XNT
|
$0.3164 | 0.3% | 14.2% | 15.5% | 30.2% | $7,732.84 | $740,312 | $740,312 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3296 |
Tea Protocol
TEA
|
$0.00003663 | 0.9% | 0.2% | 1.8% | 11.3% | $1,409,077 | $732,644 | $3,663,221 | 0.2 |
|
||
| 3302 |
Iron Fish
IRON
|
$0.009464 | 0.0% | 2.0% | 32.9% | 86.4% | $1,709.91 | $728,627 | $728,627 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3318 |
Massa
MAS
|
$0.001455 | 0.0% | 6.0% | 45.0% | 44.4% | $3,318.68 | $719,233 | $1,644,596 | 0.43733136725596405 |
|
||
| 3380 |
MultiVAC
MTV
|
$0.00009080 | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 5.3% | $265,251 | $679,617 | $908,047 | 0.74843765075 |
|
||
| 3391 |
Cudos
CUDOS
|
$0.001237 | 0.0% | 1.4% | 3.7% | 27.9% | $3.26 | $673,755 | $673,755 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3410 |
Skey Network
SKEY
|
$0.0008262 | 0.2% | 1.4% | 13.5% | 39.6% | $157,665 | $666,518 | $825,459 | 0.807451438 |
|
||
| 3411 |
Komodo
KMD
|
$0.004733 | 1.7% | 53.7% | 31.6% | 28.2% | $1,525.80 | $665,708 | $665,708 | 1.0 |
|
||
Wrapped Viction
WVIC
|
$0.003113 | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 19.5% | $294.08 | $653,764 | $653,764 | 1.0 |
|
|||
| 3448 |
Shardeum
SHM
|
$0.00003761 | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.1% | $148,807 | $640,178 | $2,274,467 | 0.2814627165868697 |
|
||
| 3452 |
ScPrime
SCP
|
$0.01353 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 9.6% | 23.8% | $221.85 | $638,285 | $638,285 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3485 |
Collaterize
COLLAT
|
$0.0006195 | 1.6% | 11.4% | 3.1% | 18.4% | $182,281 | $619,381 | $619,381 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3490 |
Confidential Layer
CLONE
|
$0.005437 | 0.2% | 0.7% | 11.0% | 19.5% | $117,931 | $614,391 | $5,433,120 | 0.113082614 |
|
||
| 3533 |
Humanode
HMND
|
$0.002061 | 0.0% | 2.6% | 5.3% | 36.4% | $92,495.46 | $590,562 | $824,876 | 0.7159405007014457 |
|
||
| 3540 |
Sovren
SOVR
|
$0.1184 | 1.5% | 1.4% | 12.5% | 23.5% | $404,324 | $589,634 | $118,383,678 | 0.00498070716 |
|
||
| 3569 |
Shrapnel
SHRAP
|
$0.0001982 | 0.7% | 3.2% | 11.5% | 12.3% | $39.78 | $575,609 | $594,629 | 0.9680139638637122 |
|
||
| 3573 |
Sirius Chain
XPX
|
$0.00008870 | 0.3% | 27.9% | 43.6% | 61.4% | $1,941.34 | $575,048 | $798,477 | 0.7201808873922222 |
|
||
| 3619 |
Ice Open Network
ION
|
$0.00004923 | 0.1% | 3.2% | 13.5% | 35.0% | $7,528.99 | $559,344 | $1,040,131 | 0.5377633868034123 |
|
||
| 3623 |
zKML
ZKML
|
$0.005658 | 0.7% | 4.9% | 23.3% | 33.4% | $2,189.22 | $557,089 | $565,827 | 0.98455595 |
|
||
| 3659 |
Offshift
XFT
|
$0.05357 | 0.0% | 2.1% | 12.6% | 11.8% | $534.90 | $539,647 | $539,647 | 1.0 |
|
||
| 3658 |
ivault
IVT
|
$0.0007287 | 1.5% | 0.4% | 68.3% | 93.6% | $54,774.44 | $539,522 | $874,389 | 0.6170278566333111 |
|
||
Smart Contract Platform Categories
| Name | 24h | Market Cap |
|---|---|---|
|
All Smart Contract Platform
|
1.9%
|
$2,112,539,756,884
|
|
Layer 1 (L1)
|
1.9%
|
|
|
Proof of Work (PoW)
|
1.6%
|
|
|
Proof of Stake (PoS)
|
2.8%
|
|
|
Zero Knowledge (ZK)
|
8.6%
|
|
|
Layer 2 (L2)
|
3.1%
|
|
|
Privacy Blockchain
|
1.9%
|
|
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Layer 0 (L0)
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0.5%
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Optimism Superchain Ecosystem
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3.8%
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SideChain
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2.4%
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Gaming Blockchains
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0.0%
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All Smart Contract Platform
Proof of Work (PoW)
Proof of Work (PoW) is a blockchain consensus mechanism to validate transactions and create new blocks through computational efforts by miners.
Proof of Stake (PoS)
Proof of Stake (PoS) is a blockchain consensus mechanism where validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to stake as collateral.
Zero Knowledge (ZK)
Zero-knowledge proof or Zero-knowledge protocol is a method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that a given statement is true while the prover avoids conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true. This category tracks cryptocurrency that utilises Zero Knowledge implementation to execute transactions, which may include smart contract execution, value transfer, and others.
Layer 2 (L2)
Layer 2s are off-chain vertical scaling solutions that run on top of Layer 1 blockchains like Ethereum to improve scalability, while maintaining the decentralization and security standards of the Layer 1.
Privacy Blockchain
Programmable Layer 1 or Layer 2 networks that serve as platforms for dApps while prioritizing confidentiality. Unlike standard, general-purpose programmable blockchains like Ethereum, these networks have privacy preserved at the consensus or execution layer, enabling "private-by-default" or "opt-in private" smart contracts.
Top Smart Contract Platform Sectors Market Cap Chart
Major Smart Contract Platform Sectors Performance Chart
What are Smart Contract Platforms?
Smart contract platforms are blockchains that host smart contracts. Smart contracts are the backbone of decentralized applications (dApps), and smart contract platforms make it possible for developers to deploy apps ranging from decentralized exchanges that run on automated market makers (AMM), decentralized loan providers that enable users to lend and borrow cryptocurrencies, and even yield aggregators that automatically move assets to the best performing pools to maximize returns for their investors.
What are Smart Contracts?
Smart contracts are self-executing computer programs on a blockchain that activate specific outcomes when certain predetermined conditions are met. They are also immutable while providing transparency to all parties involved, as they are recorded on the blockchain.
To interact with smart contracts, users have to pay gas fees in the smart contract platform’s native coin. Gas measures the computational effort required to conduct transactions, the cost of which may vary based on the complexity of the smart contract.
Popular Smart Contract Platforms
Many Layer 1 blockchains support smart contracts, as smart contracts replace the role of the financial institution in decentralized finance. Popular L1 smart contract platforms include Ethereum, the largest smart contract platform and a pioneer of the space, and BNB Smart Chain (BSC), which is EVM-compatible, enabling users to use applications like Metamask to store their BEP-20 tokens.
Smart contract platforms also include Layer 2 (L2) scaling solutions, such as Arbitrum. These L2 solutions offer users faster and cheaper transactions by utilizing technology such as sidechains, bested blockchains, or optimistic and zero-knowledge rollups. These also depend on smart contracts, which validate the proof generated by the L2 protocol, validate it, resolve any disputes, and finalize transactions on the base blockchain.