What are Decentralized Stablecoins?
Decentralized stablecoins are digital assets pegged to a specific asset class (ie. USD), maintaining their peg using protocols and mathematical algorithms to minimize price volatility. Unlike centralized stablecoins (ie. USDC), decentralized stablecoins are controlled by a structured cryptocurrency community instead of a single central body.
Key Takeaways
-
Stablecoins are crypto assets pegged to the value of another commodity or assets such as fiat currencies.
-
Unlike a centralized stablecoin which is backed with an equivalent amount in fiat or real world assets, decentralized stablecoins are governed by a designated community and stabilized by computing protocols.
-
There are four types of decentralized stablecoins, namely overcollateralized stablecoins, algorithmic stablecoins, fractional stablecoins, and non-pegged stablecoins.
Stablecoins, just like the name suggests, are less prone to the constant fluctuations that other cryptocurrencies are known with. Popular stablecoins are usually pegged to the value of a national fiat currency. The US dollar being the global standard for fiat currency and mainstream business is a prominent stablecoin peg.
Beyond the US dollar, stablecoin issuer Tether has issued stablecoins pegged to the British pound (EURT) and the Chinese Yuan (CNH). In a recent announcement, Tether has shared its plans to issue a new stablecoin pegged to a North American country – Mexico’s Peso. The Mexican Peso has successfully launched and is issued by Tether with the MXNT ticker.
Stablecoins are served as a reference to a mainstream commodity or currency and are used as a reference system in cryptocurrency trading and can also be spent like any other currency, where they are accepted. They simplify transactions and are a good store of value. Their stability makes them more suitable for saving and trading against more volatile assets. Relative to the actual assets or currencies, they are built on a more flexible and secure technology – the blockchain.
However, stablecoins like USDT and USD Coin (USDC) are centralized or custodial stablecoins, where the digital asset is issued by a centralized entity after receiving a corresponding amount in fiat. Critics of centralized stablecoins point out that there is a lack of transparency around what makes up the reserves that back the amount of centralized stablecoins in circulation, and this is where decentralized stablecoins come in.
How Decentralized Stablecoins Work
One thing in common about decentralized stablecoins is that they are guided by multiple control points instead of a single body as seen in centralized stablecoins. The emission and distribution of centralized stablecoins are controlled by a central authority, and the coins’ pegs are maintained by real fiat currencies or other commodities like gold, oil, and real estate.
Decentralized stablecoins differ in both aspects: governance and pegging system. The governance systems in the different kinds of decentralized stables are similar, hence, decentralized stablecoins are grouped according to their minting and peg-maintenance scheme. Here are the 4 currently prevalent types of decentralized stablecoins:
Overcollaterized Stablecoins
Overcollaterized stablecoins are crypto collateralized stablecoins which are structured in a way that an excess collateral vault is built to maintain the stablecoin’s peg. MakerDAO’s DAI is the first overcollateralized stablecoin. DAI is pegged at a 1:1 ratio with the US dollar. The minting of the DAI stablecoin and maintenance of its US dollar is guided by the Maker protocol lending system.
The Maker Protocol Lending System
In the case of DAI, the MakerDAO lending system is designed to allow users to borrow less than the worth of the collateral they supplied. The loan protocol specifies a 150% collateral system. That is, users can mint DAI by locking 150% of the value of the DAI they wish to borrow into a smart contract. For instance, to mint $100 worth of DAI, $150 of ETH or other approved assets must be locked.
When a user locks their asset, they mint an amount of DAI as a loan. The minted DAI can be used like any other cryptocurrency. The excess collateral system ensures that every DAI in circulation is backed by an excess store of assets. Interest is accrued over time on the minted/borrowed DAI. When this minted DAI and the interest is paid back, the collateral is released to the user while the DAI is burnt.
Maker protocol is governed by the MakerDAO. Holders of the Maker token can vote in the governance portal on proposals submitted by members of the community. The DAO decides on every aspect of the Maker protocol and the DAI as well.
A loan liquidation system was developed to save the Maker protocol from ‘risky loans’ and keep the protocol running. This will be explained in the later part of this article.
Liquity Protocol Borrowing Protocol
Liquity is another decentralized borrowing protocol on Ethereum where users can only use ETH as collateral to borrow LUSD interest-free at a capital efficient collateralization ratio of 110%.
For example, if a user wants to borrow $1,000 worth of LUSD, they need to have a deposit worth $1,000 of ETH in their Trove, which is a credit account for managing LUSD loans.
Liquity uses a unique stability pool mechanism to ensure the value of its stablecoin, LUSD, remains at $1, and that the protocol remains solvent. Stability pools act as the source of liquidity to repay debt from liquidated Troves, ensuring that the total LUSD supply always remains backed.
If the value of the collateral falls below the 110% collateralization ratio, Liquity's stability mechanism comes into play. The system automatically liquidates some of the borrower's collateral to pay off the LUSD debt. The liquidated collateral is auctioned off at a discount to users who can pay off the loan. This helps ensure that LUSD remains overcollateralized by ETH and that the protocol remains solvent.
Over time, Stability Providers lose a pro-rata share of their LUSD deposits, while gaining a pro-rata share of the liquidated collateral. However, because Troves are likely to be liquidated at just below 110% collateral ratios, it is expected that Stability Providers will receive a greater dollar-value of collateral relative to the debt they pay off.
Liquity's unique stability mechanism and ETH-only collateral helps differentiate it from other stablecoin protocols and allows users to borrow interest-free loans against their ETH collateral.
The protocol has gained significant traction in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space, and its LUSD stablecoin is becoming increasingly popular among DeFi traders and investors and its governance token, LQTY, has even been listed on Binance.
AAVE Money Market Protocol
AAVE is a decentralized peer-to-peer lending protocol that allows users to lend cryptocurrencies to receive fees and borrow crypto in an overcollateralized way and pay borrowing fees to lenders.
They will be launching their own overcollateralized USD stablecoin called GHO that is backed by a mix of cryptocurrencies users can already deposit on AAVE. Unlike many stablecoins on AAVE, the oracle price for GHO on AAVE itself will be fixed at $1.
AAVE token stakers in AAVE’s safety module can also mint GHO at a discount, which helps to add utility to the AAVE token.
Being the largest money market in DeFi, a top 5 dApp in terms of TVL, and strong partnerships with other crypto protocols like Balancer, AAVE’s GHO has been received well by the AAVE and broader crypto community and will likely gain traction quickly with a strong adoption rate.
It is not known when AAVE’s GHO will launch but it is rumored to be soon.
Curve Stableswap Protocol
Curve, one of the largest decentralized exchange on Ethereum, has released a whitepaper detailing its new overcollateralized USD-pegged stablecoin, crvUSD.
What makes crvUSD stand out is its unique Lending-Liquidating AMM Algorithm, or LLAMMA, which helps protect borrowers when their collateral drops below liquidation price.
Curve will start with using ETH as collateral but may Eventually, collateral options might include liquidity pool (LP) positions as well.
Using ETH as an example, if ETH drops in price and approaches liquidation, the protocol will convert ETH into USD and as the price of ETH rises, the dollars are converted back to ETH. This smoothens the liquidation process, which was previously performed “all-at-once” and can cause huge slippage and exacerbating losses, especially during a volatile period.
Curve’s upcoming crvUSD could help generate greater revenue for the CRV token and help it compete better against its competitors.
It is not known when Curve’s crvUSD will launch but it is rumored to be soon.
Algorithmic Stablecoins
Algorithmic stablecoins are programmed to respond to presiding supply and demand forces to maintain a pre-defined peg and price stability.
Most algorithmic stablecoin projects operate a dual token system: A stablecoin, and a volatile crypto asset that maintains the peg of the stablecoin by sustaining the demand and supply system that keeps the stablecoin’s value intact.
Tron’s USDD and Terra’s (now defunct) USTC are two popular examples of algorithmic stablecoins. Minting the USDD or USTC burns an exact value of the other asset. For instance, when you mint $10 worth of USDD; $10 worth of TRON (TRX) is burnt as well. To redeem TRX, USDD is burnt.
Traders and arbitragers are incentivized by variations in the value of the stablecoin. When the stablecoin strays away from its peg, traders buy the stablecoin coin at the current price and burn them to redeem the volatile asset (like TRX and LUNC) at the value of $1. For example, when USDD trades at $0.95, traders can buy USDD at $0.95 and redeem them for TRX at $1 per USDD, generating a $0.05 profit.
Through Anchor protocol, Terra also practised an overcollateralized loan system similar to that explained earlier.
How Anchor Protocol Works
Anchor protocol’s two principal assets are UST and LUNC. Lenders supply USTC to the protocol, borrowers provide collateral (LUNC) and borrow the supplied USTC for a specified time and pay a stated interest when this loan is repaid.
Borrowers on Anchor protocol can only borrow a fraction of the supplied collateral, a maximum of 60% of the value of the volatile asset they provided. This percentage is determined by the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio. The LTV ratio is a function of the quality of collateral provided by the borrower.
For instance, Alice owns 100 UST in her saving. As an obviously better alternative to keeping 100UST dormant in her wallet, she supplies her stablecoin to Anchor protocol. On the other side, Bob owns $100 worth of Luna but doesn’t wish to sell his Luna to pay off his bills. Bob decides to borrow some UST from the anchor protocol and repay his bills while he keeps his Luna. To borrow from the protocol, Bob offers his Luna as collateral, but can only borrow a maximum of 60UST (60% of the $100 worth of LUNA he provided) from Alice’s 100UST from the Anchor protocol. To repay this loan, Bob pays the borrowed 60UST and interest which is distributed to Alice.
The Loan Liquidation System
As mentioned in the Maker protocol section earlier, the loan liquidation was introduced to free the Maker and Anchor protocol of risky loans. Cryptocurrencies are highly volatile. They are ‘high-risk assets’, for investing and lending as well. Considering the possibility of the volatile assets provided as collateral dropping below 60% of their value at the time the loan was taken, the loan liquidation protocol serves to save the lending system and keep the lending/minting service running.
Anchor protocol’s oracle contract feeds the protocol with the current values of the provided assets. When a dip below 60% of asset value (at the time of the loan) is detected, the loan is put up for liquidation on the liquidation queue. The liquidation queue serves as the exchange between collateral and borrowed stablecoin
It enables the lending protocol to reclaim the borrowed or minted stablecoin while the borrower keeps the borrowed asset, forfeiting his collateral. The liquidator who opts to redeem the at-risk loan accepts to pay to the lender (in anchor protocol) or simply claim the collateral (in Maker protocol), the difference between the value of the collateral at the time of borrowing and the amount required to maintain the value of the collateral above 60%
As compensation, liquidators are offered an opportunity to liquidate the loan at a discount on the value of the collateral. This is known as a Premium and can be as high as 30% or as low as 1%. Liquidators can bid at any range within this discount. Liquidators who bid at the smaller discount percentage stand higher chances of redeeming the collateral. When a bid is accepted, the liquidator now claims ownership of the collateral supplied in the now ‘at-risk’ loan. This keeps the lending protocol running.
Anchor protocol's algorithms worked considerably well on introduction. Unfortunately, the borrowing side of the protocol got overwhelmed as more people locked their assets and fewer people borrowed from the protocol. The algorithmic stablecoin system built around this protocol soon collapsed (more on this later).
Fractional Algorithmic Stablecoins
Frax finance introduced the idea of fractional algorithmic stablecoins. Fractional algorithmic stablecoins are backed partly by algorithms and collateral.
The ratio of the collateral to stablecoins varies according to market conditions. In unfavorable conditions, the collateral ratio is higher than in better market conditions. This enables the protocol to meet up with the presiding conditions.
Frax operates two stablecoins: FRAX (a stablecoin pegged to the US dollar) & FPI (pegged to the US Consumer Price Index). The FRAX and FPI stablecoins are also maintained by two separate DAOs guided by FXS (Frax share) and FPIS (FPI shares) respectively. The Frax Finance economy is composed primarily of the two stablecoins, a native AMM (Fraxswap), and a lending facility (Fraxlend).
The minting and redemption algorithm maintains the peg of FRAX stablecoins. To mint FRAX a user provides collateral in USDC and FXS. The FRAX collateral ratio specifies the ratio of the two tokens provided for the minting. A higher collateral ratio means that more FXS is provided during the minting process.
A 50% collateral ratio means that a user who wishes to mint 1$ worth of FRAX will have to provide $0.5 worth of USDC and $0.5 worth of FXS. The provided FXS is burnt when redeeming at the same ratio, the user will receive 0.5$ USDC and 0.5$ FXS for every FRAX they provide. Redeeming FXS and USDC burns the provided FRAX.
In February 2023, FRAX was voted to be fully collateralized by USDC over time, phasing out its algorithmic backing.
Non-Pegged Stablecoins
Reflexer finance (RAI) features a stablecoin system that operates using a reflex index instead of a pegging mechanism as seen in other decentralized stablecoins. The Reflex Index is guided by presiding demand and supply conditions. It isn't pegged like other stablecoins or backed by a vault.
Two parties are involved in the RAI system. The SAFE users that mint RAI using their Ethereum and RAI holders. Depending on the supply and demand conditions, both parties are incentivized to mint RAI or redeem their assets respectively. This keeps the system stable.
A lending protocol guided by the redemption rate incentivizes users to pay back their debts or borrow from the pool. To borrow from the RAI protocol, users will be required to lock their assets in the protocol and mint/borrow a stablecoin.
The value of the RAI is determined by the redemption rate. The RAI is completely in congruence with the presiding demand and supply conditions instead of being pegged like DAI. The RAI system connects with a price feed technology and updates the redemption price whenever a price update is received for the approved collaterals.
RAI opines that this system was the initial system proposed by MakerDAO for the DAI. The RAI system presents a wider reward range to users.
Popular Arguments Against Decentralized Stablecoins
Decentralized stablecoins are borne out of an audacious attempt to create a stable value using mathematical systems. As expected, there have been a good number of arguments against the ability of these systems to create actual value and maintain their stability.
Some of these arguments include:
Instability
Are decentralized stablecoins really ‘stable’? Most stablecoins pegged to the US dollar have a history of straying away tangibly from the dollar peg. A handful of decentralized stablecoin projects have totally lost their peg and failed. Relative to centralized stablecoins the constant de-pegging in decentralized stablecoins makes them a high-risk asset. This completely defeats the goal of a stable store of value.
While a good number of these instances exist, the collapse of Luna and UST is the most popular and spine-chilling case of stablecoin de-pegging. An incident believed to have worsened the cryptocurrency winter. The USTC pegging algorithm (explained earlier) was rocked with infamous exploitation that led to a cascade of other unfaithful events. Attempts to save the peg using the treasury system reportedly crumbled the rest of the market.
To learn more about the effects of Terra’s collapse, read CoinGecko’s Q2 2022 report.
The USTC incident clouded other de-pegging events. A good number of decentralized stablecoins lost their pegs during this time. Some have since recovered and reclaimed their peg, while others have failed to do the same.
Allegations of Fraud
Many decentralized stablecoin projects (like Acala USD, BeanStalk, and Easily Finance) have closed down with the teams reportedly carting away users’ funds. Some existing decentralized stablecoin projects are subject to ongoing surveillance due to reported fraud by the community or originators. Like the volatile and unregulated cryptocurrencies, decentralized stablecoin projects are considered a wild west, and cryptocurrency enthusiasts are currently more comfortable with centralized stablecoins like USDT and USDC, as shown in their dominating market caps.
Centralization
Many questions have been raised as regards the level of decentralization in decentralized stablecoin projects. The DAO system allows the community to decide the fate of the project. But this system is still prone to modifications against the will of the community. Project teams are also reported to be devising means to rig community votes in their favor. In cases like this, the projects are far from being truly decentralized.
Final Thoughts
Decentralized stablecoins are a stage in the evolution of stable cryptocurrencies. As a substitute for the relatively older centralized stablecoins, they present a more transparent stablecoin system. It’s ironic because decentralized stablecoin projects have constantly come under scrutiny like the centralized stablecoins.
Regardless, this doesn’t rid their brilliance and affirms the fact that systems like these are still in their earliest stage of development. Each failed decentralized stablecoin births a new one with proposed fixes for the former. The constant improvements in this concept might (hopefully) culminate into a perfectly functioning decentralized stablecoin system.
A perfect decentralized stablecoin system has many advantages over the centralized versions, as it would be a system guided by mathematics and resistant to third-party influence. This could create a truly sovereign stablecoin system with a sustainable peg.
In the financial aspect, a well-functioning decentralized stablecoin hand cryptocurrency enthusiasts a strong financial tool. One built with the technology they understand. It presents a stable reverence point and means of storing value.
Politically, decentralized stablecoins are transparent enough, and their authenticity can be easily verified by regulatory bodies. Their resistance to censorship adds an extra layer of comfort for holders and traders.
Having said these, it is important to understand that novel systems like decentralized stablecoins are still prone to dysfunctions. This is seen in the case of USTC and other decentralized stablecoins that lost their pegs in the past or have had their systems exploited, leaving users with grave losses. It is important to consider the safety levels of these systems and tread with caution to avert or minimize losses.
What are the top 5 largest stablecoins by market cap? Read this article to find out!
Joel is deeply interested in the technologies behind cryptocurrencies and blockchain networks. In his over 7 years of involvement in the space, he helps startups build a stronger internet presence through written content. Follow the author on Twitter @agboifesinachi
Or check it out in the app stores
